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Share Paper 3734

Two Types of 'say'-Complementation in Kipsigis
Madeline Bossi
87-96 (complete paper or proceedings contents)

Abstract

In many languages, what looks like a verb meaning 'say' can also be used alongside another verb in an attitude report. A common analysis of this 'say'-complementation is that it reflects a diachronic link between 'say' verbs and complementizers (e.g., Heine & Kuteva 2002). However, recent work questions this analysis, proposing instead that 'say'-complementation actually involves a verbal form of 'say' (e.g., Major 2021; Driemel & Kouneli 2022; a.o.). For instance, Driemel & Kouneli (2022) argue that the morpheme le in Kipsigis—which means 'say' in matrix contexts and appears in complementation structures—is always a verb, with verbal syntax and semantics across all of its uses. In this paper, however, I show that there are systematic differences across instances of complementation with le, which make the uniformly verbal analysis in Driemel & Kouneli (2022) untenable. Specifically, le only shows verbal syntactic behaviors when it transparently means 'say' and lacks these verbal behaviors in the absence of speech semantics. As a result, I propose that le represents two distinct forms: in some cases, it is the verb 'say,' but in others, it is a complementizer devoid of speech semantics and only linked to the verb diachronically.

Published in

Proceedings of the 41st West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics
edited by Nikolas Webster, Yağmur Kiper, Richard Wang, and Sichen Larry Lyu
Table of contents
Printed edition: $545.00